Early Modern

William of Orange, called the Silent, led the Dutch revolt against Habsburg Spain after the Duke of Alba terror councils and survi...

Henry of Navarre, a Protestant who converted to take the throne, had ended decades of religious civil war with the Edict of Nantes...

George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, rose from minor gentry to be the dominant favorite of James I and Charles I, controlling patr...

James Sharp, minister and professor, had betrayed the moderate Covenanter cause to negotiate the Restoration settlement and became...

Gustav III had seized power in a bloodless coup of 1772, restoring royal authority, and pursued a flamboyant absolutist program of...

Marat, a physician turned revolutionary pamphleteer, edited The Friend of the People and demanded heads with such effect that he w...

Henry III reigned during the French Wars of Religion, caught between Protestant Huguenots and the militant Catholic League led by ...